1/11/2018 0 Comments Crear Una Vista En Workbench ViseUna vista en mysql es una tabla virtual con una estructura que nosotros. Lo primero que podemos hacer es crear una base de datos llamada vistas y las siguientes. Worldwide, several challenges to the full realization of women's rights persist, and women continue face discrimination in access to education, work, social protection, inheritance, economic assets, productive resources and participation in decision-making and society at large. Gender discrimination is defined as '.any. WARNING: This guide is outdated. Use with caution, as some stuff explained in here might be different now. Note that this Guide contains 50+ images of an average size of 450KB. Please wait a few moments to allow the images to load completely. Thanks, and leave some feedback if possible to allow me to improve this guide even more:D ~Rutger UPDATE 29/1/2016. I am Thekillergreece and I will be the new editor of this Guide, I will try add more details particularly about Staff and Prisoners and vice versa. My English may not be perfect but I will try my best. Note: This guide is outdated and may stay outdated for a long time. Use with caution. This Guide is a work in progress, so there might be empty sections, radical changes, missing information or grammatical errors. Thank you for your understanding. Hello and welcome to my Guide to Prison Architect. The mission of this Guide is to give every Player some insight to this wonderful game by [www.introversion.co.uk]. This Guide will cover everything, starting at the User Interface and ending with Tips & Tricks to help even the most experienced Players in managing a well running Prison. Feel free to leave feedback or links in the Comments box for some awesome tips & tricks I could add to my Guide! Have fun reading my Guide!:D ~Rutger UPDATE 29/1/2016. I am Thekillergreece and I will be the new editor of this Guide, I will try add more details particularly about Staff and Prisoners and vice versa. My English may not be perfect but I will try my best. Click image for larger version Foundations - This Tool allows you to build and destroy buildings of your Prison by clicking the ' Building' button (see image below) that appears. Click & drag to make your building. Very important Tool in Prison Architect, as it allows you to assign Rooms to the buildings and make certain Items (e.g. Light) function properly. Click image for larger version Materials - This Tool allows you to put down different types of Floors, Walls, and Fences Click image for larger version Rooms - One of the most important Tools in Prison Architect. Rooms are Areas of space dedicated to a certain purpose (see image below). Some Rooms can only be placed if the building has been created using the Foundation Tool. Some Rooms are locked at the beginning until you've unlocked them by using the Bureaucracy Menu. Each Room has its own set of requirements and can be placed in the same way as buildings by clicking and dragging to the required size. Removal of a Room can be done by right clicking and dragging over the Room. Click image for larger version Objects - This Tool gives you all the Items you need to fulfill a Room requirement. Hovering your mouse over a Room will show you what Items you'll need to make the Room function properly. Note that some Rooms will need certain Items to give it purpose (e.g. Canteens need Benches to allow the Prisoners to sit on while eating) These Objects/Items do not work at the moment (so don't buy them): - Electric Chair Staff - This Tool allows you to hire your Prison's workforce. Click the person you want and then click anywhere on the map to place them. Note that you can only hire a certain amount of Staff until you've researched the Accountant in the Bureaucracy Menu. Click image for larger version Utilities - Clicking on this Tool allows you to see an underground map of your Prison plot. Its purpose is to give you power over where each Water Pipe and Electricity Cable goes (see image below). Click image for larger version Bureaucracy - Bureaucracy is unlocked by the Warden. The Bureaucracy Menu allows you to research and unlock additional Staff and Objects for your Prison, for example the Accountants, who manage your finances, thus allowing you to take full control of your earnings and losses. It can also unlock the Chief of Security, who unlocks the Deployments Menu, Riot Guards (Riot Guards currently serves no purpose) and the CCTV Cameras and Monitors. Click image for larger version Deployment - Unlocked by the Chief of Security. The Deployment tool allows you to take advanced control of your Prison. When selected you will be shown the Deployment screen (see image below) which gives you access to assign Guards to patrol certain Areas, as well as to set Areas to Low, Medium and High Risk Prisoners Areas and Staff-Only Areas. Also contains the Unlock tool (Green Square Button in image below) that sets all doors in an Area to the Locked Open State. Laundry, Workshop, Kitchen, etc) for the Prisoners are also managed from here. Click image for larger version Contraband - Unlocked by the Chief of Security. This button shows an overlay of all possible Sources of Contraband within your Prison. It also tells you in which Categories (Weapons, Tools, Narcotics & Luxuries) each Item falls into. Some particularly useful Items fall into multiple Categories, so watch out. Any Contraband found by your Guards in the past 12 hours will also show up in this screen as a Green Circle. You will often want to know how that Item of Contraband made it into the Prison, and your Guards are now trained to interrogate Prisoners and find out this valuable information. Click on any of Green Circles in the Contraband Screen and you'll see a Trail revealing the Origin and History of that particular Item of Contraband. The are four Categories of Contraband, but many different variants within each Category. Emergencies - There are three Emergency Services available at the moment: - FireEngine: Calls in a group of 4 Firemen to extinguish fire. - RiotPolice: Calls in a squad of 6 Heavily Armoured Guards to put a halt to big Riots or to recapture sectors. - Paramedics: Calls in a team of 4 Paramedics to heal anyone nearby. You can control them by clicking on the list on the right part of the screen (i.e left click on Emergency Staff Icon), or by drag-selecting. You can dismiss Emergency Services by clicking on the red X next to their unit icon. Please note that you will be charged $100 to use a Service. Clone - This Tool allows you to copy any part (as of alpha 9; only 6x6 spaces maximum) of a Building into any other available space inside a Building. Great for the quick construction of Cells or Rooms as it replicates anything placed or built in the selected Area. Right click and drag to select and left click to place the copied Area. Note that to use this Tool you must unlock it in the Bureaucracy Menu, by unlocking the Foreman. Planning - This Tool allows you to plan out buildings and walls (see image below) of your Prison plot without the fear of your Workers actually doing anything. Click image for larger version Shakedown - Clicking this Button will trigger an immediate search of every Prisoner and their Cell across the entire Prison. There is nothing your Prisoners hate more than being searched unnecessarily, so don't click this Button too much, or you will raise the Danger Level. Lockdown - Shuts and locks all doors within your Prison. Great to prevent Prisoners getting involved in Riots happening outside their Cells and other similar issues. Note that this affects your Regime's Programmed Hours until the Lockdown has been lifted. Bangup - Sends all willing Prisoners back to their cells. Note that this affects your Regime's Programmed Hours until the Bangup has been lifted. Report - One of the most important and most used Tools in Prison Architect and will require its own section. Scroll down to learn more about this Tool. Staff Tab The staff Tab of Reports displays your currently hired Staff. Hover your mouse over a Staff to locate them or click on a Staff to fire that person. See image below for more information. Click image for larger version • Workers: These are the builders of your Prison who construct the Walls, Floors and Items throughout your prison. They also repair anything that gets damaged by Prisoners. • Guards: A must-have for any Prison. Guards will escort new Prisoners from the Drop-off location (i.e. Deliveries Room) to their cells or any other Rooms designed for Prisoners (e.g. Solitary Room). Note that, as of alpha version 9, Guards are the only Staff that can open Jail Doors or break up Riots. • Staff: Covers all other Staff types except Administrators. It contains all your Chefs, Janitors, Gardeners and Doctors. • Administrators: Very important Staff members as they allow you to research new Features and Items in the Bureaucracy Menu. Regime Tab Unlocked by hiring a Warden. This is your Prisons Timetable (i.e. See the image below for an example of a Schedule. Click image for larger version Tips • To plan your Regime, first set up a Blank Schedule, fill in Sleeping and Eating Hours as appropriate (Cooks will only prepare and serve food in the Canteen for designated eating times), then set the rest of the Prisoners' day as FreeTime. As you learn more about the Scheduling system you can tweak it to your needs. • As a general rule of thumb, avoid leaving large amounts of time Unscheduled as Prisoners will become bored and may start destroying the fixtures in their Cells. This time seems to be most effective in one hour blocks between other activities as sort of a 'cool down' period. • To ensure a quiet Sleep time: schedule at least six hours of sleep per night, and try placing troublesome Insomniacs into Solitary Cells. Extra information about the different types of activities for your Prisoners. Administration OfficesYou need Offices to give your Administration Staff a place to stay. Let's start by Planning out the design of your Office building. Consult the image below for an example. Click image for larger version First use the Building tool in the Foundation Menu to create the Office Area. Click on the Foundations tool and select the Building Sub-Button to create the Office Building. To allow Prison Architect to finish laying down the Foundation, you will need to add a Door to the Building. I've used a Staff-Only Door for this Building.Once that has been completed, you can continue with using Brick Walls in the Material Menu to fill up the remaining Planning Areas as shown in the image below. Click image for larger version Now we need to give this building different Office Rooms. We can do this by clicking on Office button in the Rooms Menu. Consult the image below for more information Click image for larger version Now you can start adding Furniture to the Offices. See the image below for an example. In this section we will cover the basics of the Power and Water Stations. Every Prison building needs Power. Some even need Power & Water (i.e. Shower Room) Let's kick off with building a simple place to house your Power and Water Stations. Use Fences to spend as little as money as possible. See the image below for an example. Click image for larger version You can find the Power Station, Water Station and Capacitors in the Utilities tool. Capacitors are cheaper than installing a second Power Station if you happen to run out of enough power to run your Prison. My example has a lot of Capacitors, but it's recommended to gradually them add them, as they don't come cheap. Tip: Placing the Water Station in the middle of your Prison is a good idea, since this will make it harder for Prisoners to dig themselves out of the Prison. Now that your Power and Water Stations have been installed, we can continue with laying down the Electricity Cables and the Water Pipes. Click on the Utilities tool to switch to the underground view of your Prison. Let's start with the Electricity Cables. You will see something similar as in this image: Click image for larger version To solve this, you will need to lay down Electricity Cables in the Administration building. You can find the Electricity Cables in the Utilities Sub-Menu. It looks like this: Consult the below image for an example. Click image for larger version Don't forget to add a Power Switch near the Power Station for if you ever need to shut down the Electricity Network. Note that you should never connect two (or more) Power Stations to the same Electricity Line, as this will cause a short circuit. Water Pipes work a little bit different than Electricity Cables, as there are Large and Small Pipes in Prison Architect. The Large Pipes are used to transport large quantities of Water through your Prison & Small Pipes are used as a connection to the different Objects that require Water to function properly. To know if an Objects requires water, you will see a blinking water drop at the Object. A non-blinking water drop (only viewable in Utilities Mode) means that it receives Water. Consult the below images for an example of a correct installation of Water Pipes. Click image for larger version Click image for larger version You can find the Small and Large Pipes in the Utilities Sub-Menu. They look like this: - Small Pipes: - Large Pipes: Please note that when you open a save, all the water drops will blink for a few seconds, but no panic, as this is normal, because the waterflow is moving through the Prison. Let's start with building a Storage & Cleaning Cupboard Area. Use Foundations in the Foundation tool to build the walls. See below image for an example of an combined Storage & Cleaning Cupboard Area Planning. Click image for larger version Here's an example of a finished Storage & Cleaning Cupboard Area: Click image for larger version As you can see, it has some nice Wooden Tiles. That covers this section of Storage & Cleaning Cupboard Areas. Don't forget to go into Utilities Mode to add Electricity Cables. Note that if you want to use the Cleaning Cupboard as a Job for your Prisoners, you need to add a door to that said Room, as that's the only purpose at the moment. Cell Block One Capacity: 32 Prisoners (24 Cells & 8 Solitary Cells). Let's start with building our first Cell Block. Consult the image below for an example of a Cell Block. Click image for larger version Now it's time to use Foundations to build it. Click on the Foundations tool and select the Building Sub-Button. First create a Foundation of the right part of the Cell Block (make a square formed Foundation). Add a Large Jail Door in the upper right part of the Cell Block. After that has been completed, we create a Foundation for the smaller part of the Cell Block. Consult the image below for help. Click image for larger version Time to add the inner walls by using Brick Walls in the Material Menu. Also add Fences around the Yard. Don't forget to lay down Electricity Cables & Water Pipes. Consult the image below for an example. Click image for larger version Also add a Pipe Valve near the Water Station (see above image) in case you have to temporarily close down the water supply. It's this Item: Here's an example of a completed Cell Block One: Click image for larger version I've used White Tiles to give the Cell Block a nice clean look. The shower has some Fancy Tiles + 3 Drains to keep the water from escaping the Shower Room. Solitary Cells don't need any Items besides Solitary Doors. Here's a list of the amount of money you need to build this Cell Block. Prisoners need to eat and that can be done in the Canteen. It's a good idea to combine the Canteen with the Kitchen as it's easier for the Cooks to serve the food for the Prisoners. Also make sure that the Kitchen is as close to a Storage Area as possible, so that the Cooks can prepare the food as fast as possible (i.e less walking distance). Here's an example of a completed Canteen + Kitchen: To give it some esthetic looks, you could add a Bin or better looking Floor Tiles as shown in the image. Depending on the amount of Prisoners that are housed in your Prison, the Kitchen and Canteen should be made bigger, to allow more Prisoners to eat at the same time and minimize the change of a Riot. The Infirmary The Infirmary is where wounded Staff/Prisoners automatically go to when they're hurt by a Riot or similar. You can manually heal Staff/Prisoners by Left Clicking a Doctor and then Right Clicking on the hurt Staff/Prisoner. The Infirmary doesn't need a lot of work. Here's an example of a simple Infirmary building: Click image for larger version The Infirmary only needs a few Medical beds, Doctors & the Infirmary Room area. Generally, the Infirmary doesn't need more than 2 Beds. Unless your Prisons like to Riot a lot. The Morgue The Morgue is a place where Dead Staff and Prisoners are being kept. Hearses will come to your Prison to take away your Dead Bodies (four at a time). Here's an example of a simple Morgue buidling: Click image for larger version The Morgue only needs a few Morgue Slabs and the Morgue Room area. This Morgue has been fancied up by adding Fancy Tiles and a Sink. Same as with the Infirmary: 2 Slabs should be sufficient for regular sized Prisons. Holding Cells are used to temporarily hold Prisoners in place until their designated Cells have been build. A Holding Cell is also needed to complete the 'Contract: Basic Detention Centre' Grant. Holding Cells are fairly easy to build, and only require to be at least 5x5, and they'll need a Bench and a Toilet. Holding Cells can also temporary be used as a Regular Cell until your Workmen build you a Prison Block to house the Inmates. Here's an example of a completed Holding Cell: Click image for larger version This Holding Cell has a Mosaic Floor for a nicer look. The Lights & Toilet need Electricity and Water Pipes, respectively. Those can be added by using the Utilities Menu. Administration Warden This is the first Administration Staff you will unlock in early prison building. Warden is one of the most important Administration Staff member since he is unlocking most important stuff, such as the ability to hire Security Chief, Accountant, Lawyer and a lot more. There are 4 different Wardens. Chief Chief are responsible to unlock Security components such as, CCTV, Kennels, Armoury, Snipers and a lot more. Chief is the only staff member who will train normal Guards how to use Tazers only if you schedule one classroom for that provided you have tazer rollout unlocked. Foreman Foreman can unlock Maintainance stuff for you, Janitors, Gardener and make prisoners allowed to work provided you have zoned a workshop, cleaning cupboard. For Workshop, Prisoners need to pass Workshop lessons in order to work, same for Kitchens too. Accountant Accountant will handle your finance. Without Accountant, you can NOT hire more staff members that exceeds the income from expenses(Wages). Accountants can grant you the ability to expand the prison's land as long as you have unlocked it through the bureucracy. Psychologist Psychologist is another important staff members. Having a hired one, you will easily understand Prisoner's needs if their demand is met or not. Without Psychologist, you will never know why a Prisoner is always mad. Lawyer Responsible for legal stuff. Prison Staff(Non-Security) Workman This Staff Member, Workman is responsible for building your prison, install objects such as chair, tables, doors and a lot more. Workmen are also responsible to repair anything broken that other staff members can not do that. Finally, they are able to move simple stuff such as, wood, clothing from Delivery to Laundry if there is one and move stuff that are supposed to be in the Storage. Doctor Doctors will heal anyone who is injured on sight, be it they are unconscious or not. Unconscious people will be awaken by the Doctor when he or she is healing them. Doctors may sometimes leave their Infirmary in rush to treat a wounded prisoner/staff members around the prison. Doctors may also sometimes move the unconscious people to the Infirmary's bed and treat them, saving Guard's time. Cook Nothing to say. They only make food for the prisoners! But you can order Cooks to♥♥♥♥♥♥off by making crappy meals for prisoners by adjusting through the Report Tab. Gardener Responsible to clean and clear outdoors area to make them look beautiful. Janitor Responsible to clean the interior/indoors area to make the prison smelly-free therefore satisfying Prisoner's need 'Environment'. Prison Staff(Security) Guard Guards will be your very very first staff members to hire when you decide to accept new prisoners for the first time. Guards will do everything, with the exceptions of repairing, cooking and cleaning of course. Guards are the only staff members that will move prisoners to elsewhere, move clothing into the laundry if workmen are not doing that, giving food to solitary prisoners and a lot more. They will also move wounded people to the Infirmary if one is available. They are responsible to oversee your prison and radio in when a trouble is spotted by the guard. Guards can soon be equipped with Body Armour which makes them more tough but slows their speed and able to carry tazers with them which requires a training session by the Chief at any classroom. Guards will not enter riot areas. Guards are very strong and tough against Female Prisoners, therefore one Armored Guard can detain up to eight female prisoners at ease. However, their chances to win against a Prisoner is depending their traits and if a Guard is outnumbered. Q: How do I make money in Prison Architect? A: There are two ways to earn money at the moment: - The main method is to use the Grants that can be found in the game that rewards you for creating certain buildings and hiring certain types of Staff and gives you large upfront payments. These Grants are focused to get your Prison up and running to house your first Prisoners, who will give you each day some money. There are only a few Grants in the game at the moment, so take a look at method two. You can also download [forums.introversion.co.uk] to add new Grants. Instructions on how to add mods to the game can be found in the modding guide by rfry11 at the Tips & Tricks Section of my Guide. - The second way, and probably the best way at the moment, is to use the Workshop Feature. If you create a Workshop and place the two types of required machines within it and assign some Prisoners to work there, they will create License Plates that will sell automatically at the end of each day. You pay a little for the raw Metal Plates, but its all automatic and once you have this up and running your cash problems should be sorted out as long as you haven't hired too many Staff. Q: How does the CCTV Monitor work exactly? A: CCTV Monitors exist to enable Guards to activate CCTV Cameras to see through (when enabled) the Fog of War where guards are not present. To activate, a Guard needs to be assigned to a Security Room (you can find the Security Room in the Rooms Menu) using the Deployment Feature (i.e 'Guard') and set to 'Patrol' in front of it. The CCTV Monitor supports 3 CCTV Cameras. Q: How do I use the Electricity Chair? A: The Electricity Chair has no functionality at the moment (except in the tutorial level). • General Prison Design Tips: - Fences are important, so build them around your Prison to give you care-free building/expanding and stop Prisoners from escaping. - Sinks are used for preparing Food and for cleaning Trays in the Kitchen. They don't go in the Shower Room! - Putting Bins in the Kitchen and Canteen reduces the number of trips to the roadside (i.e Garbage Area). - Placement of your Storage Area is key to an efficient Prison. Not only do all building supplies come through here, but also all your Prison's Food. Optimal placement seems to be in the middle of the prison, with a clear path to roadside deliveries (i.e Garbage Area). - Create a Regime that uses Inmates to produce the Food, e.g. 3 hours of Work before any 'EAT' segment in your regime. This will vastly increase your Kitchen's Ability to Feed Prisoners. At this point, you can set the food rate to High and set the variation to None. All Inmate will be fed and receive comfort from this. - The beginning and end of any Work Day should consist of primarily 'Free Time'. This will allow the Inmates to do as they like: Sleep, Shower, Use the Yard, Common room, etc. Your prison will try to run itself effectively allowing you to move onto your next building project. • Space Management Tips - Use 2 or more Large Jail Doors placed side by side to wall off a room for Deployment without creating bottlenecks in the Doors and Corridor. - If it doesn't need Walls, don't build them. Walls only serve to limit path finding for the AI, as long as you're not having Riots every five minutes. An 'Open Plan' Prison works very well to reduce travel times ( Warning: Avoid this in Maximum Security). - Use the Deployment Menu to create 'Staff Only' Areas outside of the Prison Walls (this requires you to build a secure exterior Fence around your Buildings though). This will stop any would-be Escapees from finding themselves outside or Secure Areas. • Staff Management Tips - Administrators are your main staff members to protect in the beggining so they can research project. When they are useless, fire them, except for those who must be present in-game to make features available such as Deployment, Grants, etc. • Workshop Tips - When making a Workshop, place it near to your Delivery Location. This will reduce travel time and increase production. - Multiple Workshops are okay as long as they are adjacent to each other. Try fill the surrounding Rooms with Saws and the Center Room with only Presses, then surround the Presses with Tables. This is not as efficient as a single Workshop, but it will produce more. - 'Speculate to accumulate': You will need to save a sizable amount of Money to build your dream Workshop in one sitting, but the more Workshop Tools you can afford, the better the result will be. - Make sure you have more Saws than Presses so the press never stops producing License Plates. - Make sure you have a Staff-Only Area outside the Workshop Door to prohibit Inmates from gathering Supplies outside of Secure Areas and attempting to escape. - Surround your Presses and Saws with Tables so that Inmates may stack the License Plates and Metal Sheets near the Work Area. This vastly reduces travel time and increases production. - Make sure to place Metal Detectors when Prisoners enter/exit workshops as they can smuggle deadly weapons(Ex. Hammer) • Kitchen Tips - Make sure you have a properly walled-off Kitchen with multiple Doors (e.g. Large Jail Doors) then set the maximum amount of Inmates to work in there (by using the Deployment Menu). - When making a Kitchen, place it near to your Delivery Location. This will reduce travel time and increase production. - Surround your Fridges with the Cookers in a small Area; 1 Fridge per Cooker per 20 Inmates. Having more Cookers will only lower your production rate so try to stay near this ratio. - Keep the Cooking Area small to reduce travel time, but make sure there's plenty of empty space in your Kitchen as the size of the Room sets the maximum number of Inmates available to work in the Kitchen. - Make sure you have a Staff-Only Area outside the Kitchen Door(s) to prohibit Inmates from gathering Supplies outside of Secure Areas and attempting to escape. • [forums.introversion.co.uk] • [prison-architect.wikia.com] • [www.prison-exchange.com] • • Cell Block Size Calculator: [forums.introversion.co.uk] & [forums.introversion.co.uk] • Youtube Playthough by: • Lets Play Prison Architect - Gameplay Videos by: • Construction + Prison Architect (Let's Play) by: • Prison Architect Video Tips by: • Sjin Plays Prison Architect by • How-To-Mod Guide. Worldwide, several challenges to the full realization of women's rights persist, and women continue face discrimination in access to education, work, social protection, inheritance, economic assets, productive resources and participation in decision-making and society at large. Gender discrimination is defined as '.any distinction, exclusion or restriction made on the basis of sex which has the effect or purpose of impairing or nullifying the recognition, enjoyment or exercise by women, irrespective of their marital status, on a basis of equality of men and women, of human rights and fundamental freedoms in the political, economic, social, cultural, civil or any other field.' (The Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW), adopted in 1979 by the UN General Assembly). Please click to read the full concept note of this e-Discussion. Please click to access the consolidated reply of this e-Discussion. The e-Discussion will take place from 16 May to 12 June 2016. QUESTIONS Addressing gaps: enactment vs. Enforcement • Please share concrete examples of reforms from your country (e.g. Type of law, actors involved, recipe for success)? What entities exist to report and track impact of these reforms? • Please identify the major challenges to amend and repeal discriminatory provisions in existing laws in your country and /or to introduce new legislation protecting women, including young women, and girls where no law exists and/or implement existing gender equality legislation. If possible, please explain the steps and actors involved in making these changes. Measures, mechanisms and institutions • Did your country adopt temporary measures that increased women’s representation in politics and public administration? What gender quality mechanisms or structures exist in your Parliament (committee, caucus etc)? • Are you aware of the existence of gender analysis efforts and gender impact analysis initiatives taken in your country’s governmental or parliamentary bodies? Can you share information on the way such analysis are carried out? Can you share good practices and lessons learned in this regard? Please note that there are different options to send your contributions: • Login with your iKNOW Politics member credentials. If you are not a member yet, please sign up using the profile icon on the top right of this page. Please check your email to confirm registration. Once a member, you will be able to use the comment section. Comments will wait for the approval of the iKNOW Politics Team. • Use the below comment section by signing in with one of your social media accounts. • Send your contributions to. [iKNOW Poltics posts this comment on behalf of Dr. Santosh Mishra. Click to access the full contribution] Addressing gaps: enactment vs. Enforcement: Please share concrete examples of reforms from your country (e.g. Type of law, actors involved, recipe for success)? What entities exist to report and track impact of these reforms? A new Gender Equality and Women's Empowerment Operational Plan, 2013-2020 (Gender Plan) was approved in 2013. The new plan provides the roadmap for guiding the Asian Development Bank (ADB) operations and recognizes that more needs to be done to reduce gender gaps and disparities across the region. The Plan calls for increased emphasis on improving implementation and monitoring for the delivery of better gender equality results. While gender mainstreaming across all operations will remain the priority approach, direct investments in women and girls will be pursued in different areas. Some of the relevant initiatives of the ADB are: Investing in gender equality: In some of poorest borrowing countries such as Bangladesh, Nepal, Cambodia and Lao PDR, the ADB has built schools in remote and rural areas to improve and expand access, provided scholarship to poor girls and trained female teachers to support girls’ school retention rates. In Papua New Guinea, Cambodia and Timor-Leste, the ADB is providing rural water supply and sanitation to reduce women and girls work burdens. In Vietnam, the ADB is helping ethnic minority girls in 20 of the most disadvantaged districts by building schools with boarding facilities and teacher housing, providing scholarships and training ethnic minority teachers. Girls’ skills development is being pursued through increasing support for technical and vocational education In Lao PDR and Cambodia to assist girls make the transition from school to work and enhance their chances of better employment outcomes. In Uzbekistan and Nepal, the ADB is providing financial and business services to help women start and expand their business enterprises. In Bangladesh, the ADB has supported women’s economic empowerment through constructing and reserving spaces for women vendors in rural markets; providing employment opportunities for destitute women in road construction and maintenance; helping women farmers to diversify into cash crops that yield higher incomes, and; building the capacity of locally-elected women leaders to give them ‘voice’ in decision-making in local governance institutions. Even in some of our middle-income countries such as Indonesia and Philippines we are tackling the remaining “pockets of disadvantage” in access to education and health in remote and disadvantaged areas and; supporting conditional cash transfer programs to tackle the demand side issues in education and health. Gender mainstreaming tools: The ADB regularly conducts gender assessments of projects under implementation to assess progress on implementation of the gender and development policy. Also, it engages in policy dialogue in countries and in the region to encourage and support gender-responsive policy and law reforms. Examples include gender equality laws, temporary special measures for women’s representation in local government bodies and community-based organizations, and joint titling by husbands and wives when land is allocated. Partnerships: The ADB collaborates at the project level with many UN agencies, development partners, and nongovernment organizations in different countries to improve gender equality results. Sharing knowledge: The ADB supports gender equity through knowledge products such as country gender assessments, gender mainstreaming tool kits, a guide to mainstream anti-trafficking concerns into projects and research and studies on human trafficking, and gender-responsive HIV prevention programs in infrastructure projects. Gender equality within ADB: The ADB also pursues and supports gender equality within the institution. Females make up nearly 35% of international staff and 27% of senior staff. A new Diversity and Inclusion Framework was adopted in 2013 to ensure a more gender balanced, diverse and inclusive work place. Please identify the major challenges to amend and repeal discriminatory provisions in existing laws in your country and /or to introduce new legislation protecting women, including young women, and girls where no law exists and/or implement existing gender equality legislation. If possible, please explain the steps and actors involved in making these changes. There are several challenges ahead: First, it is critical that the rationale for gender parity is clearly developed and articulated as part of any national process to close economic gender gaps. For example, in Japan, as in many ageing economies, as labour forces shrink and talent shortages emerge, women’s integration into the labour force is key to promoting dynamism. This rationale needs to be clearly articulated by and to government and business leaders, creating the necessary consensus for change. Second, long-term strategies to address gender diversity ARE NOT designed to withstand political cycles or business investment horizons. Third, a common starting point and common vision is critical in ensuring the commitment of key actors. For example, Mexico was the first taskforce country in which a status quo assessment of taskforce member companies was executed. Using this information as a basis can help to ensure that commitments are targeted towards identified challenges. Mutual accountability, knowledge sharing and best-practice exchange between companies helps companies adopt the right measures and practices to ensure progress. In addition to wider national analysis, industry-specific analysis is also needed to accelerate impact. Fourth, a highly structured, metrics-based approach for the implementation of commitments and tracking progress are also key factors in ensuring continued mobilization, sustained momentum and the sharing of best practices. In addition to individual company commitments, agreement on collective action helps to multiply impact. Fifth, beyond political and business leadership, the engagement of media, academic experts and civil society representatives helps to ensure transparency and success in this transformation process. In Australia, the Workplace Gender Equality Act 2012 (Act) replaced the Equal Opportunity for Women in the Workplace Act 1999. The new, strengthened legislation aims to improve and promote equality for both women and men in the workplace. The Act requires non-public sector employers with 100 or more staff (relevant employers) to submit a report to the Workplace Gender Equality Agency between 1 April and 31 May each year for the preceding 12 month period (1 April – 31 March reporting period). Furthermore, f or many years the focus of the European Union (EU) action in the field of non-discrimination was on preventing discrimination on the grounds of nationality and gender. A few years ago, however, the EU countries approved unanimously new powers to combat discrimination on the grounds of gender by implementing the principle of equal treatment of men and woman in matters of employment for example. Measures, mechanisms and institutions: Did your country adopt temporary measures that increased women’s representation in politics and public administration? What gender quality mechanisms or structures exist in your Parliament (committee, caucus etc)? Women continue to experience significant discrimination related to their participation in public and political life in most domains of the public sphere and in all geographical regions. For example, The European Commission recently acknowledged that: “Across the EU, women are still largely outnumbered by men in positions of responsibility in all fields. The reasons for the under-representation of women in power and decision-making are multifaceted and complex”. There are significant barriers to women’s participation in public and political life that stem from economic, social and cultural issues, as well as from negative stereotypes about women and entrenched gender roles. In addition to women’s caregiver responsibilities, women’s participation in political and public life can be significantly limited by patriarchal culture, where women are not considered socially fit to enter politics. This can be connected to their stereotyped role as caregivers, such as in the case of Uzbekistan where major media outlets have called for women to return to “the bosom of the family and to refuse the prospect of a public career”. This limiting factor is broadly related to women’s and men’s entrenched gender roles in society, such as in the case of behaviour norms for Cambodian women, known as Chba’p, which constrain their ability to access opportunities outside of the household, or in Timor-Leste, where there exists a dominant patriarchal system that delegates different functions to men and women, excluding women from many decision-making processes, especially in politics. Traditional views on gender roles and stereotypes can be an impediment to the realization of full gender equality and these cultural beliefs can permeate all action within the political and public spheres of the State. Cultural beliefs can constitute direct, indirect and structural discrimination against women. States have an obligation to exercise due diligence to prevent, investigate, and in accordance with national legislation, punish acts of violence against women whether those actions are perpetrated by the State or by private persons. The case of Bolivia offers a good practice, where the House of Representatives in 2009 passed an Act on anti-gender-based-harassment and violence in politics, to defend the rights of female political candidates in elections from violence and harassment. Included in this Act is the prohibition of pressure, threats, harassment, or persecution against a woman candidate, as well as pressure on a female candidate’s family. Political violence and harassment against women can significantly limit their capacity to engage in public and political life. It is increasingly clear that violence against women not only affects women in the private sphere, but also can hinder their participation in the public sphere and in political life. Are you aware of the existence of gender analysis efforts and gender impact analysis initiatives taken in your country’s governmental or parliamentary bodies? Can you share information on the way such analysis are carried out? Can you share good practices and lessons learned in this regard? Some of the country-specific gender evaluation initiatives are: Nicaragua: Social Interactions with Female Community Leaders Change Aspirations for the Future and Outcomes: In Nicaragua, social interactions with community leaders affect household attitudes and improve program impacts on human capital and productive investments. Peru: TB Treatment Adherence: Does Gender Make a Difference?: In Peru, a local NGO provided psychological, social, and economic support to families affected by TB and the World Bank assessed how this changed TB treatment adherence in different ways for men and women. Haiti: How does life skills and vocational training impact employment and empowerment outcomes? In Haiti, life skills training and vocational training were randomly applied and evaluators are assessing the impact on labor market entry for adolescent girls, empowerment and agency. Ecuador: What is the role of agency in teenage fertility decisions? Evaluators are working with the Government of Ecuador to assess what interventions drive changes in decision making and action to deter pregnancy and why. Argentina: Do infrastructure improvements impact women and men’s self-esteem differently? In Argentina, evaluators will assess how road construction and water sanitation projects affect men and women differently. Colombia: What are the long term impacts of CCTs on post-secondary education and labor market opportunities for men and women? In Colombia, evaluators are tracking CCT recipients and non-recipients to assess the impacts over the long term. Bolivia: How does Community Driven Development (CDD) affect empowerment and community participation for men and women? Economists are working with the government of Bolivia to assess the impacts of female and male participation in CDD. Collective action: Can you give successful examples of concerted coordination between decision makers, civil society organizations and women’s rights networks that have made significant changes to legislative frameworks in your country? What factors made it a success? The active participation of civil society organizations, particularly, women’s groups, in developing security policies and overseeing the structures, policies and practices of security institutions is a critical element of the sector’s accountability. Example 1: The Policy Advocacy Partnership on Violence against Women and Children in Ghana The Ark Foundation, Ghana, is an advocacy-based women’s human rights non-governmental organization. To achieve a coordinated policy framework for addressing violence against women and children in Ghana, it spearheaded a Policy Advocacy Partnership comprising state and non-state actors to lobby for the adoption of a National Policy and Plan for the implementation of the Domestic Violence Act (Act 732 of 2007), and to ensure that the Policy addresses sexual and gender-based violence issues broadly in institutional arrangements. It also successfully lobbied for adoption of an integrated, coordinated approach to addressing violence against women and girls in the policy framework. From 2008 to 2010, the initiative conducted monitoring to assess the status of implementation of the Act. Example 2: The role of women in Fiji’s national security and Defense review Following discussions at a Peace Vigil led by women during the May 2000 hostage crisis, the National Council of Women of Fiji made contact with the military, learning to negotiate and communicate with security forces, who had strong influence in addressing instability in the country. As a result, the Commander of the Fiji Military Forces brought together members of the Military Council and other senior officers to meet with representatives of the Peace Vigil, who presented a statement known as ‘The Women’s Letter’. It outlined the need for Fiji to return to parliamentary democracy; for the military to uphold the 1997 Constitution as the supreme law of the country; and urged the military to respect human rights. While the letter was received respectfully and favourably, the delegation learned a critical lesson that the language of the military and the security sector needed to be used for future dialogue and peace initiatives. In 2003, the National Council of Women and the Military Council held a national dialogue, which resulted in the Fiji Women, Peace and Security Coordinating Committee and the National Council of Women making formal submissions to the National Security and Defense Review. This demonstrated the valuable contribution that women’s networks (from community and national levels) can make into early warning interventions, while also identifying key entry points for women at local and national decision-making levels. The submission focused primarily on women’s participation in security decision-making, and identified violence against women as a barrier to participation. Please provide examples of initiatives that built the capacities of institutions to map, investigate and push for the amendment of laws and if available the positive tangible impacts these had on advancing gender equality in your country. Through capacity building and access to more reliable data, FAO has promoted gender-sensitive policy and planning in 30 countries. Botswana and Namibia have adopted national action plans for food security, which seek to eliminate inequalities in women's access to productive resources. FAO's technical assistance contributed to mainstreaming gender in Chile's agricultural policy and helped to increase the use of gender statistics by policymakers in China. In FAO, a Gender, Equity and Rural Employment Division (ESW) was created in 2007, within the Economic and Social Development Department, with corporate responsibility for gender equality. A training programme has enhanced both staff commitment to gender mainstreaming and the skills needed to carry it out. A network of senior-level focal points in the Organization's technical units has been created to mainstream gender in all FAO's technical programmes. For example, gender perspectives are now seen as central to FAO's strategy for disaster risk management, and have been incorporated prominently in its emergency relief and rehabilitation operations. In El Salvador, as part of the work of the Parliament Group of Women, UNDP has contribute to identify, review and update legal frameworks within the parameters of gender equality, for that the steps taken were: 1. Definition of a parliamentary consensus on the agenda to review regulatory frameworks. Establishment of a technical support team to the Legislative Commission on Women and Gender Equality, comprising public justice sector institutions and NGOs linked to the promotion of gender equality and equity. Legislative diagnosis of the current state of the application. The legal and practices responses generated by this. Technical advising in the design of new regulatory frameworks (new legislation and / or amendments to regulatory frameworks). Exchanges with specialists, other countries or with other sectors for the discussion of policy frameworks. We worked with the following frameworks: a) Draft legislation designed: New courts of violence against women; gender identity; administrative mechanism to sanction sexist advertising; a new law for the General Attorney of the Republic. B) Reforms to the law: criminal law, criminal procedure, family law, law against domestic violence, labor code, Salvadorean Institute of Pensions for Public Employees, and others. Lana Zananiri is the Gender and Media Unit Manager. Vulnerabilities and Challenges to the advancement of gender equality for Syrian women Well into its fifth year, The Syrian Civil War has caused the displacement of over 4.8 million refugees into its neighboring countries of Turkey, Lebanon, Iraq, Egypt, and Jordan. The Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan is the fifth largest refugee-hosting country in the world and the third in regards to the Syrian crisis. Among the approximately 640,000 registered Syrian refugees in the country, 80% reside in host urban and rural communities (UNHCR 2015). Such a large magnitude of urban displacement carries its own unique challenges for refugees, the Jordanian government, and hosting communities. Jordan’s coping capacity has been stretched to its limits with its poor resources, growing financial constraints, infrastructure limitations, and rising political tensions. Protection concerns are high priority for both camp residents and those Syrians residing in towns and cities of Jordan.Women and children under 18 years of age who constitute the majority of the urban Syrian refugee population in Jordan, 51% and 53% respectively, are one of the most vulnerable and marginalized demographic groups within the refugee community who bear a disproportionate brunt of the long-term effects of the civil war and their current displacement into Jordan (Care Jordan 2014: 13). They are subject to an increased risk of sexual, physical, and psychological abuses, harassments, exploitations, and other forms of gender-based violence (GBV) due to their gender and displacement, whether it is from armed groups, family members, or other members of society (IRC 2014: 5). Particularly, the marriage of girls below the age of 18 is one of the most common forms of GBV that directly affects around 14 million girls a year (Equality Now 2014: 49). Addressing gaps: enactment vs. Enforcement 1. Please share concrete examples of reforms from your country (e.g. Type of law, actors involved, recipe for success)? What entities exist to report and track impact of these reforms? Post signing of CEDAW, Pakistan initiated Gender Reform Action Plan (GRAP). It was a comprehensive reform package focusing on institutional strengthening, Political, Social & economic empowerment. Its initiation at Federal/Central government level was a high point of commitment advocacy & call for action. All 4 provincial Governments also adopted and protected it under a legislation. It could bring together all stakeholders i.e. Government, political, donors, CSO, academia. At Federal level its duration was 2002-2010. Under a constitutional amendment for provincial autonomy this subject was devolved and still exits in provinces. GRAP recipe of success was high level govt. Ownership, convening platform and document that all could relate to. It had project implementation unit including M&E. It provided opportunity for the donors to support government initiatives. UNDP was lead partner it and led projects that focused on women political empowerment i.e. Training of women in LG too advocacy for more women in Parliament. Women Political School (WPS) is a best practice in global community of practice. It worked on Gender Based Budgeting and pioneered the inclusion of women perspective by having gender disaggregated budget data; inclusion of chapter on women in PRSP documents; We piloted women access to credit by supporting First Women Bank in Pakistan for easy access to small loans; and most important supported formation and functioning of National Commission On Status of Women (NCSW) that initiated repeal of discriminatory laws and national advocacy for women empowerment. One of UNDP project also initiated the support to initiate the Acid Crime bill that has been passed since. We could also introduce Gender Justice Through Musalihat (Arbitration) Committees at Local Govt level that remains part of provincial LG Acts and are in place. Please identify the major challenges to amend and repeal discriminatory provisions in existing laws in your country and /or to introduce new legislation protecting women, including young women, and girls where no law exists and/or implement existing gender equality legislation. If possible, please explain the steps and actors involved in making these changes. The biggest challenge as of now is that there is no federal/central level Ministry that anchors the work around women empowerment and gender equity. The National Commission on Status of Women (NCSW) that was expected to take this mantle does not have enough “institutional teeth” to hold actors accountable and hence been reduced to an advocacy and recommendatory body. Provincial Commission of similar nature are still finding their ground and do not have a strong institutional link to the provincial ministries/ departments of women. Despite this huge challenge donor & Civil society have maintained the relationship with the government and many positive changes at provincial level esp Punjab have been on ground. Post provincial autonomy and in absence of federal anchor to provide a strategic guidelines and seek reporting all 4 provinces are at different level of commitment to legislative reforms to repeal or amend discriminatory laws. To rectify this Pakistan need to establish a central/federal level platform with appointment of a lead that has high level political standing to garner action. We need to have local level i.e. District level advocacy to take the issues of women and discrimination against them out of the realm of social/personal shame to person or family so that its understood under rights perspective and is pursued under criminal proceedings. Religious bodies/religious political parties also use the above socio-cultural soft point to hit hard and make it anything related to women as a religious issue as control on women is portrayed as do-able at a personal level. So elected women at LG level can be catalyst of change & by engaging moderate religious persons to lead rights based advocacy and action Measures, mechanisms and institutions 1. Did your country adopt temporary measures that increased women’s representation in politics and public administration? What gender quality mechanisms or structures exist in your Parliament (committee, caucus etc)? Peculiar socio-cultural set up of Pakistan restricts political choices and option for women. They are expected to perform a balancing act between home and politics. Political parties and Pakistani politics do not provide a female to pursue politics independently as compare to men. One has to join party ranks and ideally must have is political family back ground as women wing of political parties are yet to grow beyond a decorative attachment.Pakistan was the first in Islamic world to have a female Prime Minister and Speaker to National Assembly. Women’s presence in mainstream politics remained weak but reservation maintained their political existence. During 1947 to 1997 only 113 were either elected or nominated for Assemble. In 2002 at national level 58 women contested general election and 13 won. Whereas, at provincial level 119 women contested and only 12 could make it. Post 2000 electoral reforms under a military regime initiated the most step towards women political empowerment. It led to 33% representation of women at elected 3 tiers of LG Post 2002 that led to approximately 40,000 women councilors in 2002 and around 26,000 by 2010 (it reduced as size of LG was reduced seat wise). Newly formed LG in 2013 onwards also has approximately same number. The Assembly of 2002 made history for 60 women on reserved seats but it were those 13 which got elected on general seats. Elections of 2008 saw 192 women contesting in 176 constituencies, 63 National Assembly (NA) and 113 to Provincial Assemblies (PA). Of these 41 at National and 37 at Provincial level had a political party’s ticket while 31 & 83 contested as independent at national and provincial level. In 2013 (current assembly) there are a total of 228 women overall in the National and Provincial Assemblies: 70 in the National Assembly, 141 in all four of the Provincial Assemblies, whereas 17 are in the Senate. Their over- all proportion of representation is 19.5% i.e. 228 out of 1170 members. Of the 228 women, 205 are on reserved seats for women; 21 have won on general seats and 2 have come on reserved seats for non-Muslims. Of the 141 women in the Provincial Assemblies: 76 are in Punjab Assembly; 31 are in Sindh Assembly; 22 are in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Assembly; and 12 are in the Balochistan Assembly. Since 2002 there are Women Caucuses in national and provincial assemblies. They worked very well from 2002-2008 under lead of female Speaker of the Assembly. They have since became bit stagnant but are there. UNDP was pioneer to establish and support its functioning. Its ROB, as technically supported by UNDP, are one of IPU recognized standards. Currently UNDP is again rejuvenating them and have started with support to their work planning. Are you aware of the existence of gender analysis efforts and gender impact analysis initiatives taken in your country’s governmental or parliamentary bodies? Can you share information on the way such analysis are carried out? Can you share good practices and lessons learned in this regard? These remains to be undertaken by Civil society organization with donor support. NCSW has also been supported by many donors to undertake research and advocacy based on it. Gender Equality Project (GEP) and Awaaz project currently have undertaken key researches in collaboration with NCSW which are available in their websites. This report aims to address Question 2: Please identify the major challenges to amend and repeal discriminatory provisions in existing laws in your country and /or to introduce new legislation protecting women, including young women, and girls where no law exists and/or implement existing gender equality legislation. If possible, please explain the steps and actors involved in making these changes. The challenge mentioned here is the social climate that is being legislated for. The Indian Penal Code of 1860 continues to govern criminal activities in India. So whether it’s murder or robbery, assault or battery, sedition or defamation, rape or causing miscarriages, the sole repository (besides other ancillary instruments of legislation that have come up to address specific crimes) of authority for the security sector to address crime comes from the Indian Penal Code. The India I know and have grown up was peppered with instances of sexual and gender-based violence. In 1973, so brutally that she lies in a coma, in a hospital, even today. In 1990, raped and murdered a girl in the flat he ‘guarded’, and was hanged 14 years later. In 1992, because she tried to prevent the marriage of a child. In the, rods were inserted into women and their breasts were bitten off. Families have aborted foetuses just because they were girls – only the male child was preferred, as a girl was seen as a burden – both, in terms of tradition (it is believed by many that only a male child can carry the family name forward) and in terms of the economic burden (when girls are married off, in some customs families are forced to pay heavily in the name of dowry). When to stop foeticide, they resorted to infanticide. Street children would rummage through rubbish-bins and find these corpses and mistake them for dolls. Many Indian women live at the mercy of the men in their house, where thrive unnoticed. They were the remains of several children who were lured, sexually abused and then killed. India has remained a thriving hotbed of gender-violence, propped by the perception of women as sex-objects – an extension of which has been the recent incident in Delhi. All this, in a place that gave the world the Scion of Peace: Gandhi, whose words (circa 1921), could never be more appropriate: Of all the evils for which man has made himself responsible, none is so degrading, so shocking or so brutal as his abuse of the better half of humanity; the female sex. The social backdrop that propels gender-violence legislation in India India is in love with patriarchy. Whether in its mythological stories or in its daily living, patriarchy is enforced and reinforced by both men and women. A good example of how patriarchy is inscribed in India through mythologies is India’s oldest epic, the Ramayan. India’s oldest and most popular epic, the Ramayan, tells the tale of Prince Ram, whose wife, Sita, was abducted by the King of Lanka, Ravan. Ram is revered and worshipped today in India by Hindus. The epic shows that he questioned the chastity of his wife after he rescued her. ‘ If she didn’t willingly sleep with her abductor, she must have at least been raped.’ With that, he drove her out of the kingdom. Ravan, the deca-headed ‘monster’ who is still perceived as the mondo-villain, did not even touch Sita. Unsurprisingly, this mentality persists even today. The cultural salience surrounding a woman’s honour in India is largely the reason for dominance. Male dominance stems from the notions surrounding the protection of female honour, which is inherent in traditional Indian culture. Women are deemed representatives of the code of honour of their families, their blood and lineage. This in turn leads to the augmented sanctity attached to the virginity, chastity, honour and “virtue” of a woman. Women themselves are brought up with the preconditioning that preserving their “honour” is non-negotiable for their and their family’s acceptance in society. A woman represents the honour of the three-tiered hierarchy that commands her life: her husband, her family, and the community she represents. A sense of zealous self-righteousness prevails among some Indian men. They dominate, violently, in the name of making a woman “understand the importance of her honour”. If a woman continues to display her vulnerability, she is welcome, she is acceptable. The moment she asserts herself, throws an open challenge to the ‘accepted stereotypes’, she sends a subliminal slap to the ego of the male. It has been about a century and a half since it was passed, and it continues in most of its original form. While the jury is still out there on many provisions of the Indian Penal Code – right from the interpretation to the question of adequacy of punishment – most provisions continue to drive home the patriarchal notion that a woman is but property. Specific instances Rape: India’s laws relating to rape are. We still use the 1860 Penal Code that was drafted by the British for Colonial India. Rape is punishable only with imprisonment for seven years. If rape and murder occur together, life imprisonment or death can be awarded. It is definitely agreeable that the law needs to change. There needs to be legislative reform towards not only offering substantive penalties, but also proper procedure. The lack of sensitization of the security sector has led to. This needs to change, and the best way to do this is not only re-legislate, but also to sensitize and train the security sector. Sexual Assault Section 354 of the Indian Penal Code says that the “Assault or criminal force to woman with intent to outrage her modesty” is punishable. I have included only those questions that I was able to offer information on. And I have actually taken the text from a manual that I have written for Demo Finland: 'Gender Equality within Political Parties and Women's Cross-party Cooperation' (available at: MEASURES, MECHANISMS AND INSTITUTIONS 1. Finland has a rather unique system of quotas: there are no legal quotas for the elections, but in the municipalities, all committees that are elected after the elections, based on the political mandate of different parties, have to have at least 40% representation of one sex. People in these committees are often involved in politics but not all of them are council members. It is likely that this system has contributed to the increase of the number of women politicians both on the regional and national level, as voters have seen that women are as capable as men doing politics. (41,5% of MPs are women, of the municipal councilors women constitute 36,2%.). The Network of Women Deputies of the Parliament of Finland was established in 1991, when a record number of women were elected to the parliament (77 out of 200 MPs). All women MPs automatically belong to the caucus, which aims at mainstreaming gender into proposed legislation. It also cooperates with legislators from other countries and organizes seminars on gender equality, often in collaboration with civil society organizations. The network’s activities are managed by an executive committee, which is selected annually by the General Assembly. The president and vice president hold their positions for one year, and their selection rotates among the parties. The gender equality law, legislation on public day care for children, a law on special loans for women entrepreneurs and funding of immigrant women’s organizations are examples of legislation where the caucus has been active. Equal pay and violence against women have also been on the agenda. COLLECTIVE ACTION 1. NYTKIS – the Coalition of Finnish Women’s Associations Finnish women’s organizations have found a unique way of collaborating. NYTKIS – the Coalition of Finnish Women’s Associations, has political women’s organizations, as well as academic and civil society organizations as members, and is therefore a strong lobbying body. All the women’s wings of political parties belong to NYTKIS, as well as The National Council of Women, The Feminist Association Unioni and The Association for Women’s Studies in Finland. This joint coalition was founded as early as 1988, and it has played an important role in various instances of lobbying for key legislation and mainstreaming gender, not only into proposed legislation in the parliament, but also on the municipal level. The executive board consists of secretary generals of the member organizations, and the chairpersonship rotates annually amongst member organizations. The chairperson is often an MP. NYTKIS is a member of TANE, the Parliamentary Committee for Equality. NYTKIS also works internationally and is a member of the European Women’s Lobby. It sends representatives to international women’s conferences, including all the major ones of the UN. On top of the central NYTKIS, there are also regional NYTKIS committees that bring together the women councilors of bigger Finnish cities. Thanks to its wide membership structure, NYTKIS has succeeded in: Giving voice to the political grass root level, that is, women working as councilors or members of various committees in the municipalities. Combining the everyday political pursuits with academic analyses and/or views. Giving voice to the women working on the grass root level within the civil society. The work of NYTKIS is based on the principal of consensus. As members represent differing political ideologies, it is important to identify those issues which all members see vital for advancing equality between women and men. In Finland these have included, for instance, establishing legislation on day care for children, women’s advancement in politics, gender based violence, and equal pay. International visitors find it often difficult to perceive that parties from left to right can find a common agenda. This is possible partly due to the fact that women within the parties may be nearer to each other than the parties themselves. The Finnish people are also well known for their pragmatic attitudes. Rather than spending time on disagreeing over ideological views, the women in the NYTKIS board have looked for what unites them. Strategies that NYTKIS uses include: After the executive board has, via discussions, identified a problem connected with gender equality, representatives of each party take the issue to their own parties and start lobbying to convince the party leadership of the need of bringing in new legislation or amending existing legislation. Co-operating with the caucus of women MPs. Direct contacts with various ministries. Watch dog role: monitoring gender equality policies carried out by governmental institutions, giving out press releases and writing statements. Collaborating with civil society organizations. Organizing election panels and other events where female candidates of all parties take part. Giving out election material that emphasizes the importance of voting for a woman. In most of the cases due to the lengthy justice process and no economic and social protection to survivors result extra – legal comprise involving few people from both side as witness. Poor and hapless women who don’t have money to travel to the district office to file complain or do follow up of the case. Even in District Probation office they have to pay to 10 Rs each time to get the new dates and even also during the time of the mediation of the both parties. Survivors are again sent to their husband house as the matter to test the relationship as abuse/violence will not revise again. [Contribution submitted by Sahro Ahmed Koshin, Deputy Executive Director & Programs Manager at The Somali Institute for Development and Research Analysis (SIDRA)] This research study was conducted by the Somali Institute for Development and Research Analysis (SIDRA) in partnership with UNDP Somalia. SIDRA Institute is a knowledge-policy interface established to fill the strategic gaps of shaping and dialoguing a wide range of policy agendas and in generating and communicating relevant research findings to policy actors in Somalia. The study aimed at assessing and documenting women’s political participation in Puntland, focusing on the recent political processes while drawing lessons from historical trends and broader societal issues surrounding women’s political participation. The study aimed to provide policy recommendations so as to influence future interventions in the area of women and political participation in Puntland. The study used both quantitative and qualitative research methods and was conducted in four regions namely Nugaal, Karkaar, Bari and Mudug, covering a city in each region and targeting a sample of (600) six hundred respondents (Bosaaso-200, Garowe-150, Galkayo-150 and Qardho-100). Sixty percent (60%) of the respondents were women. Data was collected through public questionnaires, as well as through interviews with civil society organizations and Key Informants. The study also used Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) to thoroughly discuss issues related to women’s political participation in Puntland and was attended each time by both men and women. Given that there is little documented on women’s participation in politics in Puntland, the selection of the respondents focused on those working directly on issues that address women’s participation in politics in Puntland. In this study SIDRA interviewed seventeen Key Informants from UNDP, UNWOMEN, JPLG, MoCFAD, MoWDAFA, The Puntland Women Councilors Network (PWCN), former and current ministers as well as six CSOs- 3 in Nugaal and 1 each region such as in Bari, Mudug and Karkaar. The study assessed the level of Somali women’s participation in politics in Puntland and this was found to be very low. Some of the major findings of this research study include the lack of clear policy and legal frameworks that support and promote women’s political participation in Puntland. Although some elders feel that it is against the Somali tradition for women to participate in politics and public decision-making, the analyses of the results suggest something different. About 74% of the people the team interviewed spoke positively about women’s participation in politics in Puntland whereas 23% did not. Of the 74.2% 51.2 are women, 22.9 are men and for the ones against 25.8%; 14.3 women, 11.6 are men. The other 7% were of the opinion that women can participate in some selected political positions. Culture plays a significant role in influencing people’s attitudes and perceptions towards women’s participation in politics. Another major finding was the the effect of the clan based system on women’s political participation and women’s status in general. The clan based system in Puntland is under the control of the traditional clan elders who determine who is selected and who is appointed into office and positions of power. Women in Puntland have done quite well in getting elected into local councils with 62 women currently (making 25% of 250 total) but at parliament and in cabinet, the numbers are dismal with only 2 women parliamentarians out of the 66 total and 1 woman Minister out of 18 ministries while 3 women Vice-Ministers make up out of 19 total Vice-Ministers and 1 Director General (DG) out of 18 DGs in Puntland. Even though the current participation of women in politics in Puntland is low compared to for example neighboring countries such as Kenya or Uganda, women in Puntland are now more than ever before politically active and engaged. Women in Puntland are organizing themselves in networks and forums and collaborating closely across geographic divides. They are also organizing themselves in NGOs and political and social movements in Puntland and throughout Somalia. In the FGDs it was concluded that women in Puntland and Somali women as a whole are today in more positions of authority and have greater access to information and technology. Despite women’s enthusiams for political office, women entering or already in politics in Puntland face many challenges that range from economic, social, political and institutional. Other challenges arise from tradition and culture, lack of enabling legal frameworks, lack of political will, weak government institutions, economic disenfranchisement, limited access to education and lack of “women for women” mindset. To support and promote women’s political participation, the study has made several recommendations with a central theme of institutions and stakeholders working together to improve the level of women participation in politics in Puntland and Somalia in general. The government should be supported to establish legal and policy frameworks that promote and support women’s political participation to establish more diverse options for women such as affirmative bases on lessons learned from successful countries. The government should also reach out to the public and engage in dialogue. Civil Society Organization should upscale sensitization, awareness creation and community mobilization to drum up support for women participation in politics. They should also educate the communities on the importance and significance of women’s participation in politics. Awareness creation and education should be specifically directed towards religious and traditional leaders, who should be aged continuously as they are the influencers and gate keepers of society. It should be noted that these recommendations cannot bear fruits overnight. Significant change will only be seen through concerted efforts and collaboration among all the stakeholders. In the short term, affirmative action is needed to increase the number of women in leadership positions and as well as capacity enhancement of potential and current women leaders to enable them effectively engage in politics. This is necessary to propel the work forward. The study identified a number of knowledge gaps that need to be addressed: (a) Analyze in details the contribution made by the civil society organizations in the promotion of women’s political participation and human rights, (b) Assess the policy gaps on gender equity in governance and politics for women empowerment, and (c) Assess the implications of culture on women’s decision making and political participation. This study therefore fills a critical knowledge gap in understanding the factors that are influencing the success of women’s participation in politics and its recommendations will play a key role in improving people’s welfare and governance in Puntland and Somalia as a whole. The study will be an important reference for policy makers, researchers, students, NGOs and others who have a close interest on development and related topics. Read further The main goal of this research study was to analyze the factors that facilitate or hinder women’s participation in politics in Puntland State of Somalia. As a staff of my opinion is, a partnership of International IDEA, IPU, UNDP and UN Women – is moderating an online discussion on ‘Eliminating Discriminatory Laws and Closing Gender Gaps’. Despite ratification of numerous international instruments preventing discrimination against women, discrimination against women in the law prevails in many countries. Across regions, laws protecting the rights of women and girls are either lacking completely or discriminate against women directly or indirectly. Even when gender-sensitive laws exist, there is often poor implementation.
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